LLLT

在10天的卸載期後以及隨後通過正常的自願行走重新加載24小時後，大鼠比目魚肌的橫截面。 免疫標記（抗ED2）並呈現紅褐色的非吞噬巨噬細胞分佈在肌纖維之間的整個結締組織中。 通常，非吞噬性巨噬細胞與重新加載的肌肉中的肌纖維表面緊密並置 新發現清楚地表明，在肌肉損傷或改良使用後，中性粒細胞很快就會促進肌肉損傷。 尚無直接證據表明中性粒細胞在肌肉修復或再生中發揮有益作用。 巨噬細胞也顯示出能夠通過釋放自由基在體內和體外促進肌肉損傷，儘管其他發現表明它們也可能通過生長因子和細胞因子介導的信號傳導在肌肉修復和再生中發揮作用。 新的證據還表明，肌細胞可以釋放炎症細胞侵襲的正調節劑和負調節劑，從而在調節炎症過程中發揮積極作用。 New findings clearly show a role for neutrophils in promoting muscle damage soon after muscle injury or modified use. No direct evidence is yet available to show that neutrophils play a beneficial role in muscle repair or regeneration. Macrophages have also been shown capable of promoting muscle damage in vivo and in vitro through the release of free radicals, although other findings indicate that they may also play a role in muscle repair and regeneration through growth factors and cytokine-mediated signaling.  New evidence also shows that muscle cells can release positive and negative regulators of inflammatory cell invasion, and thereby play an active role in modul...

LLLT的影響是光化學的，而不是熱的。 為了產生效果，必須吸收光子，並且不同的物質吸收不同波長的光，如受損皮膚的細胞比完整組織的細胞更敏感。一旦靶細胞吸收了光子，就會發生一系列生化事件，其最終結果是加速傷口癒合 （1）來自激光探針的光子被吸收到靶細胞的線粒體和細胞膜中。 （2）在細胞吸收光子後，能量被併入分子中以增加化學能，激活或停用酶，或改變物理 或主要大分子的化學性質。光子能以細胞三磷酸（ATP）的形式轉化為細胞內的化學能，從而導致細胞功能正常化，疼痛緩解和癒合。 （3）單個氧分子積聚，影響ATP的形成，從而導致DNA的複制。 （4）DNA增加導致神經傳遞增加。 （5）一系列代謝效應導致各種生理變化， 這可以改善組織修復，更快地消除炎症反應，減少疼痛。 大約 632nm的紅外激光似乎是在細胞水平上激光的最有效和刺激頻率，皮膚穿透深度為0.5-1cm 。在LLLT中使用的激光器的典型例子是氦 - 氖（He-Ne）激光器，它可以深入0.5毫米深入新鮮切除的人體皮膚 The effects of LLLT are photochemical, not thermal. To produce an effect, the photons must be absorbed, and different substances absorb light of different wavelengths like the cells of injured skin are more sensitive than those of intact tissue. Once the target cells have absorbed the photons, a cascade of biochemical events occurs whose ultimate result is accelerated wound healing. (1) Photons from a laser probe are absorbed into the mitochondria and cell membranes of the target cells. (2) After a cell absorbs photons the energy is incorp...

一些傷口，如褥瘡，在糖尿病患者或體弱的老年人中慢慢癒合或根本不癒合。循環刺激可能是LLLT應用於慢性傷口後疼痛緩解的主要原因。 激光輻射具有波長依賴性能力，以在沒有顯著加熱的情況下改變細胞行為。 必須吸收光輻射以提供生物反應。 已經顯示光譜的可見紅色和紅外部分在活組織中具有高吸收性和獨特的治療效果。 Some wounds, such as decubitus ulcers, heal slowly or not at all in persons with diabetes or the frail  elderly .13 Diabetes is a … Stimulation of the circulation may be the primary reason that pain relief occurs after the application of  LLLT  to chronic wounds.  Laser radiation has a wavelength-dependent capability to alter cellular behavior in the absence of significant heating. Light radiation must be absorbed to provide a biological response. The visible red and infrared portions of the spectrum have been shown to have highly absorbent and unique therapeutic effects in living tissues. Hawkins, D., N. Houreld, and H. Abrahamse. "Low level laser therapy (LLLT) as an effective therapeutic modality for delayed wound healing."  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1056.1 (2005): 486-493.